Sacromonte

photography — Sacromonte, Andalucia, Spain. Public Domain.

Sacromonte is a neighbourhood in the eastern area of the city of Granada in Andalusia, Spain, a part of the urban district of Albayzín. It is located in a valley, and there is rather soft rock on the northern slope of the valley, which was used to dig cave houses for a long time. As it was far from the city center and caves were considered the homes of poor people it soon became a sort of ghetto, an enclave for mostly gypsy families and for descendants of the moors. Moor is the Spanish term for Arabs, and it means the muslim occupiers of Spain who were defeated during the reconquista by the catholic armies. As a result they fled, but obviously the richer people were able to pay for the ship and even take some valuable home, but the poor people often stayed. They were forced to convert to the catholic religion and were nevertheless the descendant of oppressors, so they had the lowest status in society. Both lived in this quarter and soon Romani and "moors" mixed.

During the 19th century the Flamenco developed and the gypsies were both, the musicians and dancers, and the audience. Phalah means peasant and Mankub is Arabic for a person who has lost everything. From faláh-mankub the word flamenco resulted, but it actually meant the person, the peasant who has lost everything, not his music. The local gypsy variation of the Flamenco is called Zambra Gitana or simply Zambra, which is also the name of the cave venues. The word zambra derives from the arabic word zamra (flute) or zamara (musicians). It was frequently used in the literature of the 17th and 18th century with genres such as zapateado, zarabanda and fandango. However, zambra is the own genre of the moors of Granada, with three kinds of dances, the la alboreá (the sunrise), la cachucha (the cap), and la mosca (the fly). The flamenco as we know it today became famous in the 1960s and 70s.

Today there are several of the traditional Zambras in the Sacromonte neighborhood open for the public. They all have the small rectangular cave, with a vaulted ceiling, decorations of local craftwork, pottery and hammered copper, and rows of stools on both sides. Under the name Cuevas del Sacromonte Granada they offer dinner and regular shows every evening. The first which made the transition form a private home to a pub was the Cueva de la Rocío. In 1951, Don Andrés Maya Fajardo and Doña Rocío Fernández Bustamante opened the first Gypsy Zambra.

The crowded situation in the rather small caves was a big problem during Corona. There was simply not enough room to follow the distancing rules, and so the venues were more or less completely closed for more than a year. Now the first have reopened, but as international tourism is still low the visitors are 90 % inland.